There are potential alternatives being tested. Lengthy quarantine periods are one of the biggest obstacles to restarting international tourism - few people can afford 14 days in a quarantine hotel on top of their holiday. And passengers should expect temperature screening and reduced in-flight services to be the new norm. Touchless travel should also become standard at most airports through the use of biometric technology. If vaccination uptake in destinations is low, these measures will become even more important.Д¬an governments mandate a COVID vaccination? Balancing public health with human rights вЂ“ and what the law says Other health measures will also remain vital, including mandatory in-flight masks, pre-departure and arrival testing, mandatory quarantining and social distancing. One solution may be the CommonPass, a new digital health passport that looks to be a trustworthy model for validating peopleвЂ™s COVID-free status consistently across the globe. Travellers are screened and have their temperature checked at Los Angeles International Airport. Digital travel passes and vaccination passports may be one solution, but in order to work, these will require standardisation across borders. However, any vaccination regime will need governments to pass strong laws and regulations. This should be rapidly adopted by all countries, and could even be applied more broadly - in hotels, for example. Coronavirus vaccinations will likely become similarly standard for international flights. In the 1970s, having appropriate vaccinations and health clearances was essential for travel to and from many countries. Travel health requirements may soon start to resemble the past. But it's not everythingДЎ) What travel regulations will prove effective? Hopes for a swift recovery of international travel are now pinned on a silver bullet: the rapid and widespread distribution of a vaccine.Д«eyond this, we believe getting people back in the air again will be shaped by three key issues.ДЄ vaccine will be a game-changer for international travel. This has helped maintain economic stability in countries such as China and Japan. With borders closed, many countries have put a focus on attracting domestic tourists instead. The recently-announced trans-Tasman bubble between Australia and New Zealand is one of the few options for international travel in the pipeline. For example, according to the World Bank, tourism makes up nearly 15% of ThailandвЂ™s GDP, which is why it recently started allowing select foreign tourists to return for extended stays. Many are in developing countries, where tourism is a major export earner. The pandemic caused a 70% drop in international tourist arrivals globally from January to August, compared to the same period last year.Дestinations reliant on international tourists have been the hardest hit. However, with almost no international travel in 2020, we now have the opposite problem. There were calls to scale back tourism, make it more environmentally sustainable and help over-touristed locations become more resilient to crises. With vaccines starting to be rolled out, there is hope international travel can resume soon, but exactly when - and how - is the million-dollar question.Д«efore COVID-19, there was much concern about whether tourism had grown too big for our planet.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought the global tourism industry to a screeching halt in 2020. The Conversation UK receives funding from these organisations University of Canterbury provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU. University of Canterbury provides funding as a member of The Conversation NZ. He is affiliated with the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.Д¬olin Michael Hall does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Jarkko Saarinen has received funding from the Academy of Finland and the European Union. He is also an Adjunct Research Fellow, Monash University (Faculty of Arts), Australia. Cheer has received funding from various Australian Government grant programs. Professor in Human Geography (Tourism Studies), University of Oulu Professor in Tourism and Marketing, University of Canterbury Professor in Sustainable Tourism, Wakayama University

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